In short, subject matter, aged 0C79 years, were sampled from your municipal population register using a two-stage cluster sampling technique, which resulted in the national samples (NS)

In short, subject matter, aged 0C79 years, were sampled from your municipal population register using a two-stage cluster sampling technique, which resulted in the national samples (NS). 2006C2007 (PIENTER2). Methods Participants in these studies donated a blood sample and completed a questionnaire. Pneumococcal antibodies of serotypes included in PCV13 were measured having a fluorescent-bead centered multiplex immunoassay. Geometric imply antibody concentrations (GMCs) and determinants of pneumococcal antibody levels were investigated. Results GMCs were higher in PIENTER2 for serotypes 1, 6A, 6B, 9V, 18C, 19F and 23F and lower for 3 and 5. Age, day care attendance, household size, vaccination protection, and urbanisation rate were associated with pneumococcal antibodies in children. Education level, ethnicity, age, low vaccination protection sample, urbanisation rate, and PF-04217903 methanesulfonate asthma/COPD were associated with pneumococcal antibodies in seniors. The determinants significantly associated with pneumococcal IgG were slightly different for the elderly in PIENTER1 compared to the seniors in PIENTER2. Summary Although most of the serotype antibody levels remained stable, some of the serotype-specific antibody levels varied during the pre-vaccine era, indicating that exposure of particular serotypes changes without interference of PCVs. Intro is an important cause of meningitis, pneumonia and bacteraemia in young children and seniors [1C3]. The PF-04217903 methanesulfonate pneumococcus is definitely a common resident of the nasopharynx of humans and especially in children. Colonisation can precede transmission from human being to human being, PF-04217903 methanesulfonate an antibody response against the colonising serotype, and development of pneumococcal disease [4]. Children are the most important Rabbit polyclonal to ENO1 reservoir of this pathogen; they can transmit the pneumococcus to additional children, adults and seniors [4]. In order to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children, many countries have added the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to PF-04217903 methanesulfonate their national immunisation system (NIP) [1C3]. The PCVs currently target a maximum of 13 serotypes, while >90 serotypes are known [4]. Vaccination of babies blocks transmission of vaccine serotypes to additional age groups. PCVs are highly effective in avoiding IPD caused by the vaccine serotypes, but the quantity of IPD instances caused by non-vaccine serotypes has been rising [1, 5]. In order to understand the effects of vaccination within the distribution of serotypes causing pneumococcal disease, it is important to investigate the dynamics of the different pneumococcal serotypes in the pre-vaccine era. Knowledge on serotype specific transmission over time provides information about the potential spread of non-vaccine serotypes right now colonizing the babies. Also, it is relevant to investigate whether the risk factors for acquiring the pneumococcus switch over time individually of vaccination to better interpret possible changes after intro of vaccination. Serosurveillance studies carried out at different points in time in the pre-vaccine period could shed light on possible changes in the antibody levels in the absence of vaccination. Such studies provide a foundation line measurement before the vaccine implementation and could assist to evaluate the effects observed after implementation. The presence of antibodies demonstrates the PF-04217903 methanesulfonate individual offers at least once encountered the specific serotype and the serotype was able to induce an antibody response. While carriage studies provide important insights in the prevalence of serotypes in the nasopharynx they provide often more a snapshot. Also, serosurveillance studies allow for the measurement of a high quantity of subjects. With this study we compared the results of two serosurveillance studies carried out in the Netherlands in 1995C1996 and 2006C2007, with the aim of eventually comparing these results with post-vaccine studies for both carriage and serosurveillance. The 7-valent PCV was added to the NIP in April 2006 and no national catch-up marketing campaign was structured. Therefore almost all participants were not vaccinated with PCV except a small group of 0C1 yr old children of whom only 9 received the booster vaccination [6]. We investigated changes in pneumococcal antibody levels over time and we assessed determinants for these levels. Our hypothesis was that the pneumococcal antibody levels might change over time when comparing the two serosurveillance studies in the pre-vaccine era and that the determinants of antibody levels were the same for both studies. Methods Study design The current study used data of two population-based cross-sectional serosurveillance.